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Revolutionary terror (also referred to as Revolutionary terrorism, or a reign of terror)) refers to the institutionalized application of force to counterrevolutionaries, particularly during the French Revolution from the years 1793 to 1794.〔"Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy", by Barrington Moore, Edward Friedman, James C. Scott (1993) ISBN 0-8070-5073-3, p.101: "Social Consequences of Revolutionary Terror"〕〔(French revolutionary terror was a gross exaggeration, say Lafayette experts. By Chandni Navalkha. ) April 28, 2008. accessed 5-20-2009〕 The term Communist terrorism has also been used to describe the revolutionary terror, from the Red Terror in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) to the reign of the Khmer Rouge,〔(BOOK REVIEW Exposition of revolutionary terror. The Gate, by Francois Bizot ). Jul 4, 2003. accessed 5-20-2009〕 and others. In contrast the ''reactionary terror'', such as White Terror, has been used to subdue revolutions. ==Revolutionary terror and Marxism== In his article, ''The Victory of the Counter-Revolution in Vienna'', ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'', No. 136, 7 November 1848, Karl Marx wrote: “… there is only one means to shorten, simplify and concentrate the murderous death throes of the old society and the bloody birth pangs of the new, only ''one means'' – ''revolutionary terrorism''〔Karl Marx – Friedrich Engels – Werke, Berlin: Dietz Verlag, Vol. V, 1959, pp. 455-7. (); for English translation see ()〕 (the term terrorism, here, not to be confused with the modern meaning of the term, but rather having the same meaning as the word terror in the sense in which it is used in this article). Edvard Radzinsky, a Russian author of popular history books, in his biography of Joseph Stalin noted that Stalin wrote a ''nota bene'' — "Terror is the quickest way to new society" — beside the above passage in a book by Karl Kautsky.〔Edvard Radzinsky ''Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives'', Anchor, (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9〕〔Karl Kautsky, ''Terrorism and Communism'' (1919), Ch. V. The book is item F558 O3 D90, one of two books on terror from Stalin’s private library, seen by Edvard Radzinsky (''Stalin'', 1996, pp. 150, 569).〕 Lenin, Leon Trotsky and other leading Bolshevik ideologists recognized mass terror as a necessary weapon during the dictatorship of proletariat and the resulting class struggle. Thus, in his ''The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade K. Kautsky'' (1918), Lenin wrote: “One cannot hide the fact that dictatorship presupposes and implies a “condition”, one so disagreeable to renegades (as Kautsky ), of ''revolutionary violence'' of one class against another … the “fundamental feature” of the concept of dictatorship of the proletariat is revolutionary violence.” Similarly, in his book "''Defence of Terrorism''" (''Terrorism and Communism'', 1920) Trotsky emphasized that "...the historical tenacity of the bourgeoisie is colossal... We are forced to tear off this class and chop it away. The Red Terror is a weapon used against a class that, despite being doomed to destruction, does not want to perish.".〔"Black book of Communism", page 749〕 On the other hand, they opposed individual terror, which has been used earlier by the People's Will organization. According to Trotsky, "The damaging of machines by workers, for example, is terrorism in this strict sense of the word. The killing of an employer, a threat to set fire to a factory or a death threat to its owner, an assassination attempt, with revolver in hand, against a government minister—all these are terrorist acts in the full and authentic sense. However, anyone who has an idea of the true nature of international Social Democracy ought to know that it has always opposed ''this kind'' of terrorism and does so in the most irreconcilable way." Many later Marxists, in particular Karl Kautsky, criticized Bolshevik leaders for terrorism tactics. He stated that "among the phenomena for which Bolshevism has been responsible, Terrorism, which begins with the abolition of every form of freedom of the Press, and ends in a system of wholesale execution, is certainly the most striking and the most repellent of all".〔Karl Kautsky, (Terrorism and Communism ) Chapter VIII, The Communists at Work, The Terror〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「revolutionary terror」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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